Important facts and considerations about R290 heat pumps
What is refrigerant R290?
The heat pump market is evolving rapidly and one of the most important developments in recent years is the use of the natural refrigerant R290, also known as propane.
Many modern heat pumps are now designed to operate with this refrigerant because it combines excellent thermodynamic performance with extremely low environmental impact.
R290 has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of only 3. In comparison, synthetic refrigerants such as R410A and R32 have significantly higher GWP values.
This makes R290 fully compliant with stricter European environmental legislation, including the F-gas regulation.
Why manufacturers are increasingly using R290
In addition to its environmental advantages, R290 also offers excellent technical performance.
- Very low GWP value (GWP 3)
- High energy efficiency
- Strong performance in low outdoor temperatures
- Suitable for high water temperatures
Many R290 heat pumps can deliver water temperatures up to 70–75 °C, making them suitable for renovation projects with traditional radiators.
You can learn more about modern systems on our page about air-to-water heat pumps.
Advantages of R290 heat pumps
High energy efficiency
Heat pumps using R290 are known for their excellent efficiency, which can lead to lower operating costs and improved seasonal performance.
Environmentally friendly refrigerant
Because R290 is a natural refrigerant, its environmental impact is extremely low. This makes it a future-proof solution as regulations on synthetic refrigerants become stricter.
High water temperatures
Many R290 heat pumps can produce high supply temperatures, making them suitable for both new buildings and renovation projects.
Future-ready technology
As environmental regulations become stricter, natural refrigerants such as R290 are expected to play an increasingly important role in heating technologies.
Important safety considerations
Flammability
R290 is classified as an A3 refrigerant, meaning it is mildly flammable. As a result, specific safety requirements apply to installation and maintenance.
A safety zone of approximately one meter around the outdoor unit must remain free of ignition sources.
The electrical isolator must also be installed outside this safety zone.
Qualified installation
Because R290 is a flammable refrigerant, installers may require additional training or certifications.
Many installers already hold F-gas certification, but training specific to natural refrigerants is increasingly recommended.
Correct placement of the outdoor unit
The outdoor unit must be positioned carefully, respecting safety distances from windows, ventilation openings and property boundaries.
Technical considerations for R290 heat pumps
One technical aspect of some R290 heat pumps is compressor modulation. In certain cases, modulation can be slightly more limited compared to systems using other refrigerants.
During periods of low heat demand, this may result in more frequent start-stop cycles, also known as short cycling.
A properly designed installation and the use of a buffer tank can help reduce this effect.
Transport and storage
When transporting or storing heat pumps, some basic guidelines should be followed.
- Transport units upright whenever possible
- Tilting up to 45° is acceptable
- Units must never be stored flat
- Storage temperature between -30 °C and +60 °C
The future of R290 heat pumps
Due to stricter climate policies and refrigerant regulations, the heating market is gradually shifting toward natural refrigerants.
R290 combines excellent energy performance with minimal environmental impact, making it a key technology for the future of sustainable heating.
